Authorship Authorship is limited to individuals who have made substantial contributions to the conception, design, data collection, analysis, writing, and revision of the research. All authors approve the final version and take responsibility for the work.
Plagiarism and Originality All submissions must be original and free of plagiarism. Any use of text, data, or ideas from other sources must be properly cited. Duplicate submission, redundant publication, data fabrication, and falsification are strictly prohibited.
Peer Review The journal adopts double-blind peer review to ensure fairness, objectivity, and confidentiality. Manuscripts are evaluated based on originality, academic quality, rigor, and scholarly contribution.
Confidentiality Editors, reviewers, and staff must keep all submitted manuscripts confidential. No information shall be disclosed to unauthorized persons.
Conflict of Interest Authors, reviewers, and editors must disclose all potential conflicts of interest that may affect the impartiality of the review and publication process.
Ethical Approval Research involving human subjects, animals, or sensitive data must obtain appropriate ethical approval and informed consent in accordance with applicable laws and institutional requirements.
Corrections and Retractions The journal will issue corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions in line with COPE guidelines if errors, misconduct, or invalid findings are identified.
Publication Misconduct Any publication misconduct, including fraud, plagiarism, citation manipulation, and fake peer review, will result in rejection, retraction, and notification to relevant institutions.
